5. Conclusions;

• A Multi-Fluid Model for simulating turbulent combustion has been extended by consideration of the transport for CVA, Continuously-Varying Attributes.
• The model has been successfully applied to the variety of one- and two-phase reactive flows and convergence has always been obtained.
• It was shown that multi-fluid concept can be readily applied to deal with thermal radiation.
• The results obtained so far appear qualitatively realistic and mixture temperatures, velocities and gas compositions are within the expected range.
• The energy and mass conservations are strictly maintained both within fluid and for the whole-population behaviour.
• The highly non-linear nature of reaction rates appears to be more realistically represented by population averaging rather than by the single-fluid mean values.
• More work is required in investigating the fluid-population refinements and quantitative validation.

6. References;

1. D.B. Spalding, "Multi-Fluid Models for Simulating Turbulent Combustion", - Presentation at CODE Annual SEMINAR in Teraelahti, Finland, 3-4 October, 2001, www.cham.co.uk/phoenics/d_polis/d_lecs/turb2001/mfm_comb.htm

2. D.B. Spalding and S.V.Zhubrin, "Development of Multi-Fluid Turbulence Model and its Engineering Applications", - Presentation at VIII IPUC, Luxembourg, 17-20 May, 2000,

3. D.B. Spalding, "Multi-Fluid Model of Turbulent Flow, Mixing and Combustion", - 1996, www.cham.co.uk/phoenics/d_polis/d_lecs/mfm/mfmbas1.htm"